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Your Checkup: Patient Education Health Podcast
Ever leave the doctor’s office more confused than when you walked in? Your Checkup: Health Conversations for Motivated Patients is your health ally in a world full of fast appointments and even faster Google searches. Each week, a board certified family medicine physician and a pediatric nurse sit down to answer the questions your doctor didn’t have time to.
From understanding diabetes and depression to navigating obesity, high blood pressure, and everyday wellness—we make complex health topics simple, human, and actually useful. Whether you’re managing a condition, supporting a loved one, or just curious about your body, this podcast helps you get smart about your health without needing a medical degree.
Because better understanding leads to better care—and you deserve both.
Your Checkup: Patient Education Health Podcast
123: Cyclospora Understanding The Outbreaks
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We break down why Cyclospora spikes every summer in the United States and why contaminated fresh produce can cause days to weeks of watery diarrhea. We share what to watch for, what testing to request, and how to lower risk without swearing off fruits and vegetables.
• what Cyclospora is and why humans are the only known host
• why May through August is peak season due to oocyst maturation
• which foods show up most in outbreaks like cilantro and bagged salad mixes
• why routine washing and chlorine are not reliable against Cyclospora
• how fecal oral spread works and why it is not typically person to person
• signature symptoms including explosive watery diarrhea and waxing and waning illness
• who is at higher risk for severe disease including immunocompromised patients
• why routine stool tests can miss it and the need for specific Cyclospora testing
• first-line treatment with TMP-SMX and practical hydration tips
• prevention strategies including recalls, cooking produce, and travel precautions
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Production and Content: Edward Delesky, MD, DABOM & Nicole Aruffo, RN
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Welcome And Why This Matters
SPEAKER_01Hi, welcome to your checkup. We are the Patient Education Podcast, where we bring conversations from the doctor's office to your ears. On this podcast, we try to bring medicine closer to its patients. I'm Ed Delesky, a family medicine doctor in the Philadelphia area.
SPEAKER_02And I'm Nicole Rufo.
SPEAKER_01I'm a nurse. And we are so excited you were able to join us here again today. So what are we going to talk about today, Nick?
SPEAKER_02Today we're talking about this new fun little parasite going around. Well, I don't think it's new, but it's newly going around and making everyone poop themselves.
SPEAKER_01Yeah. So we're not going to, because what I've noticed is when we do some of these like news type stories is that like the numbers change quite a bit from the date that we publish it. So today we're recording this on 724, 2026. And so we're not going to get into the ebbs and flows of the day-to-day numbers of the cyclospora infections. But what we will is we'll try to give you a little science lesson about what this is, how to think about it, and we'll go from there.
What Cyclospora Actually Is
SPEAKER_01So you've probably seen this in the news: cyclospora, a microscopic parasite that causes outbreaks of intestinal illness, diarrhea, in the United States actually every year, and particularly during the summer months. It's a topic that's especially relevant right now because we're at the peak season of cyclospora infections, and that season is from May through August. The number of cases reported nationally have been rising over the past decade, and the CDC continues to investigate seasonal outbreaks like we've been seeing recently linked to fresh produce. So whether you've heard about a specific recall, seen a news headline, or you just wanted to understand how to protect yourself and your family, this feature will walk through everything. So what cyclospora is, how it spreads, what symptoms to watch for, how it's treated, and most importantly, how to reduce your risk. So, Nikki, can you take it um one step further? Can you explore with us what is cyclospora?
SPEAKER_02Cyclospora is a single-celled parasite called a protozoan that infects the small intestine and causes a disease called cyclospories. What?
SPEAKER_00Your voice is so perfect.
SPEAKER_02Oh, thanks. So this has been recognized as a human pathogen since the early 90s, and it's now a nationally notifiable. Why did that look weird? What did I just say?
SPEAKER_00It sounded great. It did. You guys nailed it.
SPEAKER_02And it's now a nationally notifiable disease in the US, meaning every confirmed case must be reported to public health. Cyclospora is unique among among the foodborne pathogens because humans are the only known host. So unlike Salmonella or E. coli, where they live in animals, Cyclospora appears to cycle exclusively through humans only. Yeah.
SPEAKER_01Excellent.
SPEAKER_02And this parasite is endemic, so meaning that it circulates year-round. It's just kind of part of I don't know. It's just out there.
SPEAKER_00It's just out there.
SPEAKER_02It's just there and like comes and goes. Um mostly in tropical or subtropical regions, including parts of Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa, India, and Southeast Asia. In the U.S., most cases are linked either to travel to those regions or more commonly by eating contaminated fresh produce that was imported from those areas where the parasite grows.
SPEAKER_01We love Southeast Asia.
SPEAKER_02We do.
Why Summer Outbreaks Keep Happening
SPEAKER_01So the outbreak pattern, why summertime? So cyclospora outbreaks in the United States follow a remarkably consistent seasonal pattern. The CDC surveillance data shows that 90% of domestically acquired cases occur between that time frame of May and August we talked about earlier. So after cyclospora oocysts, the egg-like stage of a parasite, after they're shed in an infected person's stool, they are not immediately infectious. They actually need about one to two weeks of warm environmental temperatures between 72 and 90 degrees, perfect for May and August, to undergo a maturation process called sporulation before they can infect someone new. And that's why the summertime is prime time. The incidence of cyclosporiasis in the U.S. has been trending upward. Food net surveillance data through 2022 and 2023 show that cyclospora incidence is higher than it was in 2016 to the 2018 baseline. And some of this may reflect improved detection through new testing, but there is an increase that we've noticed. Between 2015 and 2019 alone, there were 1,376 cases reported through these food net surveillance sites and 79 outbreaks reported nationally. In 2020, over 1,200 cases were reported across 24 states, including a large outbreak linked to contaminated bagged salad mix. And since 2018, outbreaks have been traced not only to imported produce, but also to domestically grown produce, which is also a growing concern.
High-Risk Produce And Washing Limits
SPEAKER_01So, Nikki, can you tell us which foods are most typically involved?
SPEAKER_02I can. So the single most commonly identified source in recent years has been cilantro.
SPEAKER_01Damn.
SPEAKER_02Damn.
SPEAKER_01We had cilantro not too long ago.
SPEAKER_02We did have a not too long ago. Um, and if you're one of those people who think cilantro tastes like soap, then you're in luck.
SPEAKER_01This is your moment.
SPEAKER_02This is your moment. You've risen above. Um, second are bag salad mixes and leafy greens. So in a large 2020 outbreak, as if we needed anything else, was linked to a contaminated bag salad mix in 2021. Two large multi-state clusters involving over 170 cases were linked to different lettuce. Um, so yeah, lettuce is lettuce is doing it. And then basil and fresh herbs, raspberries and berries, green onions. We also had green onions last night. Gulp. Um, and just other produce. So this might be the time to eat some processed food.
SPEAKER_01Yeah, right.
SPEAKER_02I need to check on my protein muffins.
SPEAKER_01So, a critical point is that standard washing of produce does not reliably eliminate cyclospora. The oocysts are resistant to the chlorine concentrations used in routine processing and home washing. So this is fundamentally different from bacteria like E. coli, where thorough washing can significantly reduce contamination. So then the
Fecal Oral Spread Without Direct Contagion
SPEAKER_01next question is how does it spread? Cyclospora spreads through the beautiful fecal oral root, specifically by ingesting food or water that has been contaminated with sporulated oocysts from an infected person's stool. Yes, it is that crappy. The contamination typically happens at the agricultural level, though contaminated irrigation, water, soil, or handling practices also lead to some problems long before the produce reaches your kitchen. So here's the reassuring part. You cannot catch cyclospora directly from another person. Because the oocysts need one to two weeks of environmental maturation before they become infectious, casual contact, sharing a bathroom, or caring for a sick family member does not pose a transmission risk, which is a really cool thing. This is a key distinction from many other gastrointestinal infections. Long ago, we did an episode on norovirus, which does not behave similarly. You can get that from person to person. Turns out the infective dose, the number of parasites needed to cause illness, is estimated to be very low, possibly as few as 10 to 20 ooozis.
SPEAKER_00Ooh. Ooh.
SPEAKER_01That means that even a small amount of contamination on a piece of produce could potentially cause infection. Wow. So, Nikki, can you help us understand what symptoms we can watch out for when thinking about cyclospora?
Symptoms That Wax And Wane
SPEAKER_02Yeah, I sure can. First and foremost, watery diarrhea, often described as explosive.
SPEAKER_00Wow.
SPEAKER_02Or foul smelling, which, like, I don't know when diarrhea isn't foul smelling.
SPEAKER_00Very fair.
SPEAKER_02Um, and can sometimes occur six or more times a day. So this is not your regular run-of-the-mill diarrhea.
SPEAKER_01No, six or more times a day is a lot.
SPEAKER_02Um, also having abdominal cramping, bloating or excessive gas, nausea or loss of appetite, um, some fatigue, which can be profound and last for a couple weeks. Who isn't though? Um, low-grade fever or weight loss, obviously, because you can't stop pooping.
SPEAKER_01Right. And not in the the good way, people.
SPEAKER_02Mm-mm. This is not in the good way. Um, and cyclosporitis is distinctive in that it's it waxes and wanes. So you might feel better for a day or two, think you're on the up and up, and then the diarrhea returns. So, you know, it's not like a typical stomach bug that lasts for like 24 hours. Um, without treatment, these symptoms can persist for days to weeks, maybe even over a month in otherwise healthy adults. Um in one outbreak, diarrhea lasted. That plane sounds kind of loud.
SPEAKER_00Get to the Japa.
SPEAKER_02Or helicopter, I guess. In one outbreak, diarrhea lasted four to eighteen days, and fatigue persisted for up to 42 days.
SPEAKER_01Wow. Some would say that is six weeks.
SPEAKER_02So, and in you know, most otherwise healthy adults, this is unpleasant but not dangerous. The hospitalization rate in 2020 was about 5%, and no deaths occurred. Not sure what's happening present day in 2026. Fair. So you could probably find that online in real time.
SPEAKER_00Yeah.
SPEAKER_02Because whatever we say today will probably be different on Monday.
SPEAKER_00Right.
SPEAKER_02Um, however, this can be more severe in certain populations. So, like very young people, very old people, anyone with like a weakened immune system, um, anyone who's had an organ transplant, immunocompromised, any sort of like chronic thing happening, you know?
SPEAKER_01Yep. And you know, it comes to the question of why is it often missed?
Why Testing Gets Missed
SPEAKER_01Because capturing the diagnosis can actually be sort of tricky. So it's missed on standard laboratory testing. Routine stool tests for ova and parasites typically do not detect cyclospora. And not all gastrointestinal PCR panels include this. So that is a specific DNA test that actually is done when someone is sick and we want to try to swab it and find out what's going on. So the person taking care of you has to specifically request cyclospora testing, and that's a critical point. The diagnosis can be made through several methods, though. Um, sometimes there are various different tests that we could do, which I'm realizing is kind of jargony that we aren't going to explore too much. Um, so it really, though, if you do have persistent or relapsing watery diarrhea, especially during the summer months after eating fresh produce, make sure you tell your doctor these details and let them know if cyclospora testing was done.
Antibiotic Treatment And Rehydration
SPEAKER_01The treatment is, well, there's good news because you can treat this. The standard and truly only proven effective treatment is an antibiotic called trimethoprim sulfa. I normally don't have any problems with that. Trimethoprim sulfa methoxasol, commonly known by an abbreviation TMPSMX, also known by the brand name Bactrum. For healthy adults, the typical regimen is one double strength tablet twice daily for seven days. And with treatment, symptoms and parasite shedding typically resolve within one to two days. There was a trial in Nepal that demonstrated after seven days of treatment, cyclospora was detected in only 6% of treated patients compared to 88% of those receiving the placebo, which is very cool. Um, for patients with a sulfa allergy, there are different options. There are other medications. I'm not going to say them because I want your doctor to figure it out for you, but there are other ones, um, which is an interesting thing. And currently, there's no vaccine for cyclospora. Otherwise, you should stay well hydrated. I think we've um plugged this a little bit on other episodes that the World Health Organization has an oral rehydration solution, which most people definitely have in their routine kitchen. And, you know, I think most the general running thing is a liter of water, and there's plus or minus on either side of this, but about a teaspoon of sugar and about a teaspoon of salt really does go a long way for rehydration. Um, water alone won't really do it.
Practical Prevention That Actually Helps
SPEAKER_01And so prevention, we'll say it out loud here. Um, we've kind of alluded to some of it, but prevention of cyclospora is actually really challenging because, unlike bacteria, this parasite is resistant to standard cleaning practices that happen before your kitchen and during the kitchen cleaning of your vegetables. So, what you could do is stay informed about recalls and advisories, especially during the summer months. Um, you can really continue to try. It's not fruitless to wash your vegetables and fruits, but you still try to do that. You can consider cooking produce when possible. It does turn out that heat kills cycospora, cyclospora. Gosh, this is a funny thing. Um, no outbreak has ever been linked to cook food, we will say. And during a peak season, cooking herbs and greens rather than eating them raw can reduce the risk. So that cilantro was slow cooked, so we're we're in good shape. Not so much for those green onions last night, though. And you can practice food safety when traveling. Of course, all of the good stuff is the stuff off of the place where you're staying. Um, it's in the culture, it's in the community, but you have to be careful. And maybe you show up with some backdrum, who knows? Um, just to make sure that you are doing okay.
Quick FAQs On Safety And Relapse
SPEAKER_01Let's do a couple um rapid fire, frequently asked questions. Um Let's see, can I get cyclospora from my tap water? Is the first question.
SPEAKER_02So, no, water is not considered a significant source of infection. There are water treatment systems in the US that are generally effective at removing it. So the primary source is typically the contaminated produce.
SPEAKER_00Great.
SPEAKER_02If I wash my salad really well, am I safe?
SPEAKER_01So washing reduces but does not eliminate the risk. The Cyclospora uoocysts are small, only about eight to ten micrometers. So they can adhere to produce surfaces in ways that resist removal by water alone. So it helps. It's recommended, but it's not guaranteed. My next question for you is organic produce safer? What did you just say? Is organic produce safer?
SPEAKER_02It sounded funny the first time. Uh no, there's no evidence that organic versus non-organic glee-grown produce is better or not. Um, there are a lot of different factors like the soil conditions, handling practices, um, not actually how the produce is grown. Should I avoid all fresh produce during the summer?
SPEAKER_01No. The risk while real is relatively low for any individual serving produce. Um, cyclosporiasis also, while unpleasant, is treatable and rarely causes serious complications in healthy adults. So the goal here today is awareness, not avoidance. So stay informed about specific recalls, practice good food safety, and if you really need help, go and be seen. Be seen in a healthcare setting. So, Nikki, how long am I contagious if I get infected?
SPEAKER_02So you're not contagious in the traditional sense. So the parasite oh cyst. Such a funny word. It is a funny word. They shed in your poop. So you need one to two weeks of environmental maturation before they can infect anyone else. So you're not going to give it person to person. Um, and you know, regular hygiene is perfectly fine.
SPEAKER_01There we go.
SPEAKER_02Can cyclospora come back after treatment?
SPEAKER_01So in healthy individuals, relapse after a full course of backdrum is uncommon. However, in immunocompromised patients, particularly those with HIV, the relapse rate without ongoing preventative therapy is actually 43% in one month. I had a nice study here citing that fact. Um, if symptoms return after treatment, you should get in touch with someone. And is there a specific test that I can ask for specifically? Specifically? How many times can I say specifically?
SPEAKER_02So there is a specific, specifically specific test. If you're having persistent watery diarrhea during the summer months, you can talk to your doctor about it, maybe specifically getting tested for it. Um a standard, like the OMP exams might miss it. So you need like a PCR um test for that.
SPEAKER_01Yeah.
Recap And Where To Check Recalls
SPEAKER_01So to summarize, Cyclospora is a parasite that causes seasonal outbreaks of watery diarrhea in the United States every summer, primarily through contaminated fresh produce. Cases have been increasing over the past decade, and it's made headlines more recently. The infection is treatable with a short course of antibiotics. It is not spread person to person, and while it can be quite unpleasant, it is rarely dangerous in healthy adults. The most important things you can do are stay informed about recalls during the summer months, practice good food safety, and if you develop persistent diarrhea, make sure your healthcare clinician knows to test specifically for cyclospora. For the latest outbreak information, visit the CDC's parasites, which is part of their website, or their cyclosporiasis page at cdc.gov, or check the FDA's recall and safety alerts. Yeah, that was good. Yeah. Go enjoy some banter now.
Lemonade Day And Ollie’s Eye
SPEAKER_01And now for the banter. Um, well, we're recording this on a lemonade day. Well, if you don't know what a lemonade day is, it's when you totally expect one thing to happen during a day, and it could be disappointing if that thing doesn't happen. And instead of wallowing, in this household, we believe, in trying to make the best of a situation. So, yes, it is based off of that old saying, if life gives you lemons, make lemonade.
SPEAKER_02Yeah.
SPEAKER_01So today's a lemonade day.
SPEAKER_02It's fine though.
SPEAKER_01I mean it was in the best interest of him.
SPEAKER_02Yeah. Ollie was supposed to get this thing removed from his eye. So we planned for that today. And then I don't know what happened. The doctor we thought was doing it, who evaluated him, wasn't there.
SPEAKER_00We knew that was the case though.
SPEAKER_02I didn't.
SPEAKER_00You did. I told you.
SPEAKER_02No, you didn't.
SPEAKER_00We don't have to do this right now.
SPEAKER_02Um so then it was another doctor who wasn't super confident in the procedure on him, because apparently the thing on his eye is like pretty big, at least according to her. So we just rescheduled it.
SPEAKER_00Yeah.
SPEAKER_02For the original guy. So that's okay. Now we get to go to the beach. We thought we were gonna be hunkered down at home with Ollie and his cone all weekend, but it's gonna be really nice. So we're gonna go to the beach as well. Ollie and his cone. It's fine.
SPEAKER_01And I think our you know, our loyal listeners
The Chipotle Pepper Cooking Detour
SPEAKER_01know that you are a headache girly, right? So you had a really nice experience today.
SPEAKER_02I did had a neurology appointment. It was great. Hopefully, he cures me.
SPEAKER_01Hopefully. You came very well prepared.
SPEAKER_02I did.
SPEAKER_01It's a great patient. Maybe you listen to those being a patient episodes. That's awesome. I'm really happy for you. I hope that works out well. Um, I made this, uh, I've been working my way through that cookbook that you got me, and I'm a bit of a perfectionist. Um, and I was having a really hard time when I just totally did not use the proper peppers. I was like rushing through the Amazon order to put things together for it to get delivered. And I picked, they were like arble, they were arble peppers and guajilo peppers that were supposed to be in the recipe. I did, I went to the store, I got Serrano peppers and had them deliver um Chipotle peppers in the mole. And it became a Chipotle soup with regatoni.
unknownYeah.
SPEAKER_01Which is fine.
SPEAKER_02I mean, it still tasted really good.
SPEAKER_01Yes, which I really need to like take as the the big takeaway here. Um, but I oh man, those Chipotle peppers are getting delivered today. Oh man, whatever.
SPEAKER_02Can you did did they go out for delivery already? You might be able to change it or cancel it. Yeah.
SPEAKER_01Let me see. Oh man. So it's already out for delivery. This is the this is slightly the problem with ordering for delivery, is that you know, if spontaneity happens or life changes, that you know it's a little difficult to make that adjustment. But such is life. I did order the proper peppers that one needed. And we're gonna retry this recipe. Um, and I'll let you know how it goes. The others have been coming. Um, it doesn't say exactly, it just says it's out for delivery. So I think there still is a chance that we might we might still be here by the time they get here. Send me dried peppers so that they keep longer um to be rehydrated by the time that one is going to use them. But that's alright. Who knows? Maybe they'll get here sooner than later. Anyway, so yeah, I was a little neurotic about that um in a way that was probably annoying to be around, but I just really wanted to make the recipe. But there were so many flavors in this, like there was soy sauce and honey and onion powder, garlic, a shallot, and you know, goat cheese, and by God, you couldn't taste any of it through the very overpowering Chipotle flavoring.
SPEAKER_02It was. And like the more you ate it, the more overpowering it became.
SPEAKER_01Right. Like I think those peppers were basically supposed to add like a splash of spice as opposed to the like the entire embodiment of the flavor of the dish. So such is life. I made a that's what I did. I made a Chipotle soup. Um, I got got by the recipe because I opened it up and I thought that preparing dinner in a slow cooker around 12 was going to be enough time, but we had an important appointment to make in the evening, and the it needed uh four to five hours to cook in the slow cooker, and I was like just getting the meal ready, and I needed to like roast the shallots and the garlic for 20 minutes to 30 minutes. So next time I need to prepare with more time. So you might be getting this next Thursday. You might not, I don't know. And more to come next week about how that recipe is going. Um This guy's on Instagram though, people. Like you can go find him. He said it was last time is Stealth Health. Um, we're not paid or anything, but like it makes bulk dishes. I I uh bulk dishes for us end up being that like I have three servings or so.
SPEAKER_02My emergency contact.
SPEAKER_01Oh, yay, that's me. It said primary, and I thought like I was listed in the system as your doctor. Um that like the I have a problem. So I'll eat three, like Eddie, four bowls almost came out last night, and like I'll eat four bowls of this, and it makes ten servings, which is great in theory, but like is good for a day and a half, maybe. Maybe that's my own problem. That's why I preach about what I do all day. Alright. So anything else exciting? Well, now that we're going to the beach, I'm looking forward to wearing my new Quince shirts. Also not sponsored, but um we got those guys. I'm looking forward to that. Looking forward to getting out of here a little bit early so that we don't have to hit as much traffic.
Reviews Voicemails And Family Updates
SPEAKER_01I got a parking ticket yesterday, even though I paid for the parking, so that's stunk. Um, we've already waxed poetic about the PPA in general, but basically just keeping people updated on what's going on. I was wondering if there was any more to banterize.
SPEAKER_02Oh. Um, I don't think so. Had no um run-ins with the public worth noting.
SPEAKER_01Well, no, because like Monday, oh right. Monday we went to we had it was like kind of busy. We normally had to keep our evenings sparing of plans.
SPEAKER_02Oh yeah, we had good dinner on Monday for Philomena's birthday.
SPEAKER_01Yeah, that was great. Margaret Quo. Oh, the I'll I'll ask a question of the world here. I'm not gonna say it, but there is a chicken often served at Chinese restaurants, and for um a long time I thought it was pronounced one way, and turns out I learned that later it was pronounced a different way, then ultimately went to the source and learned that it could be pronounced the original way I was taught. But you won't hear me say it here because this is going to be saved on the airwaves. But what I will say is I will spell it for you. Um, the chicken often ordered at a Chinese restaurant is called General T S O. You take it from there, folks. Ask yourself, how would I pronounce this? And then listen closely because I'm curious. And if this is the reason we get a voicemail, I'm in. I want to voicemail people. We haven't had one yet. I'm asking. Also, if you can like leave a review, that would be great. It doesn't have to be very long. You can just pop on there and say we're awesome and just like click clack your little thumbs there because it helps people like it offers a little bit more like uh we do this and we're not weirdos when we don't have like 12 reviews. So if you could do that, that would be do we have any reviews tremendous. We have a few reviews from people we know, but many people get the benefit from is it on Apple Podcasts? Yeah, many people get the benefit from the show, but maybe they could in turn, we don't want your money. I mean, that'd be nice, but we want we want maybe a little positivity in the comments saying, like, they're great, they're so funny. Sometimes they get that feedback at work, but if it's written out there on the internet, they're nice testimonials to get. But anyway, we did that. That was a nice birthday celebration. Happy birthday, Nona. And we saw brother, um, so we saw brother Vanessa and Frankie after coming back from Greece.
SPEAKER_02Oh, yeah. The two of them looked so European.
SPEAKER_01They look so European, they look so good. Both of them. Yeah. I was impressed. I was like, wow, look at them being so European. We saw Uncle Tommy and Monica, um, which is great. Always a great time. Come back with stories of their travels. Family gathering. And we talked a lot about the Mormons with Monica. I was that poor woman had to sit at me next to me on the couch when we went to Philomena's afterwards, um, not the restaurant. And you know, I just when the funny machine is on, it's on. And with your family, it's usually on. So I was really happy about that. Um, that poor woman, she was probably really shocked at the things I was doing. But anyway, so thank you for coming back to another episode of Your
Closing Thanks And Medical Disclaimer
SPEAKER_01Checkup. Hopefully, you were able to learn something for yourself, a loved one, or a neighbor with diarrhea from a parasite. You can find us on Instagram. You can find us on threads, you can send us an email, leave us a voicemail. I'm gonna try this one out. Leave us a quick review. You don't have to wax poetic. You could just give us a quick endorsement. That would be awesome if you've made it this far. But most importantly, stay healthy, my friends. Until next time, I'm Ed Deleski.
SPEAKER_02I'm Coloruthum.
SPEAKER_01Thank you, and goodbye. Bye. This information may provide a brief overview of diagnosis, treatment, and medications. It's not exhaustive and is a tool to help you understand potential options about your health. It doesn't cover all details about conditions, treatments, or medications for a specific person. This is not medical advice or an attempt to substitute medical advice. You should contact a healthcare provider for personalized guidance based on your unique circumstances. We explicitly disclaim any liability relating to the information given or its use. This content doesn't endorse any treatments or medications for a specific patient. Always talk to your healthcare provider for a complete information tailored to you. In short, I'm not your doctor. I am not your nurse. And make sure you go get your own checkup with your own personal doctor.
